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Search by topic:   09854. THE MASS MEDIA AND THE 1988 CAMPAIGN. The use of images and symbols as a substitute for substantive ideas in the 1988 presidential campaigns is described; negative ads, attack videos, "sound bites", and simplistic symbols are seen as media manipulation, and proposals to reform the debate process are put forward. 11 pages, 16 footnotes, 12 bibliographic sources.   $77 Copyright 2002 Academic Research Papers Associate Term Paper Sites: Academic Research Papers Academic-Research-Papers Research Central Term Paper Assistance